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1- Housing, Reconstruction and New Urban Communities:
Housing and reconstruction issue ranks on top of the issues Egypt managed to face during the last two decades through several long-term strategies so as to achieve housing and reconstruction rise. Egypt succeeded during the period (1981/82 – 2005/06) to increase the inhabited area from 4 percent to 5.5 percent, in addition to creating new cities and new urban communities that contributed to moving out of the narrow valley to the uninhabited deserts so as to draw a new housing map and create new development pivots in the different new cities and urban communities.
Investments:
Total implemented investments carried out in housing, reconstruction and new urban communities sector during the period (1982/83 – 2004/05) reached about LE 144.8 billion. Investments implemented in the sector during 2005/06 reached about LE 16684.8 million, of which LE 147.8 million are investments implemented by the government, and the rest are implemented by public enterprises sector in cooperation with the private and cooperative sectors. These investments have contributed to a number of achievements, salient of which are the following:
A- Building and Reconstruction:
* Number of workers in the field of building and
 reconstruction rose from 531 thousand worker in 1981/82 to about 1551.3 thousand in 2005/06.* Contribution by the building and reconstruction activities to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (at current prices) rose from LE 2806 million in 1981/82 to about LE 5921.6 million in 2005/06.
* Contribution by the building and reconstruction activities to the Gross Domestic Product (at current prices) rose from about LE 2806 million in 1981/82 to about LE 5921.6 million in 2005/06
B- Housing
Egypt has, several years ago, exerted tremendous efforts aiming at providing housing units at appropriate prices for the low-income brackets and all categories of society, particularly youth through establishing hundreds of thousands of economic housing units provided by comprehensive network of basic services in different areas. Therefore, the State has established housing projects such as Mubarak National Project for Youth Housing (October 1995) and Future Housing Project for the low-income brackets (February, 1998), in addition to low-price housing projects all over the governorates. In addition to encouraging the private sector to invest in housing field.
* The State's strategy for facing housing problem focuses on the following pivots:
1- Providing land plots needed for construction, provided them with utilities and services and allow usufruct of these lands at no cost for low-income brackets in order to build economical housing units.
2- Activating real-estate finance law and activating real-estate market to help citizens own the housing units at appropriate prices.
3- Providing legislative amendments that aim at encouraging the private sector investors, individuals and associations to build and finance housing projects.
4- Providing housing to low-income categories by giving them priority to have lands and soft loans that annually hit about LE 625 million. For each housing unit, soft housing loans reach about LE 15.000 repayable over 40 years against an interest rate of 6 percent.
5- Giving due attention to regional planning in the field of housing so as to enable rural areas and remote governorates to catch up with development efforts.
6- The State has increased it efforts to build housing units for various brackets through establishing new cities and integrated model housing projects. Mubarak National Project for Youth Housing provided 140.000 housing units distributed over 13 new cities. The State subsidizes 40 percent of the cost of each unit.
Major achievements implemented over the period (1982/83 – 2005/06) in the field of housing:
* Implementing around 4142 thousand housing units during the period (1982-2005), including the participation of private sector which exceeded 96 percent distributed as follows:
Implementing around 275 housing unit during the period (2005/06), of which about 96.4 percent were implemented by the private sector, distributed as follows:
C- Reconstruction:
 The country adopts a development strategy that depends on building new cities and urban communities that can absorb national projects and allow the best use of available development resources. Reconstruction activity is focused on desert areas beyond the Nile Valley, in Sinai, new valley, Northern Coast, Red Sea, in addition to areas of special nature in Greater Cairo. Reconstruction activity is also focused on new axis of development.
Major Achievements in reconstruction sector over the period 1982/83 – 2005/06:-
* A length of 6142 km of primary and secondary water lines and networks including 135 km in 2005/06.
* A number of 84 water station and filtering units including 8 stations and units in 2005/06.
* A length of 874 km of primary and secondary sanitary drainage networks were extended including 25 km in 2005/06.
* A length of 5349 km roads were paved including 168 km in 2005/06.
Salient achievements in reconstruction in 2005/06 are that a number of 16 water wells and reservoirs were drilled and built.
 D- New Cities:
The state pays due attention to reconstructing remote and unpopulated areas and to build new cities in desert areas to move population from the over-populated areas to new cities. Number of new cities and urban communities targeted in the five-year plan (2002/07) showed about 23 cities and urban communities, of which 19 under construction. In addition, construction of 3 cities has begun under 2002/03 plan. Moreover, construction of new Qena has begun under 2004/05 plan.
Salient achievements in the field of new cities and urban communities during the period (1981/82 – 2005/06:-
* Number of cities increased from 3 cities in 1981 to 22, distributed all over the governorate.
* A length of 7523 km of primary and secondary water networks were extended, including 105 km in 2005/06.
* A length of 5039 km of primary and secondary sanitary drainage networks were extended, including 100 km in 2005/06.
* A length of 27817 km of electric networks was extended including 200 km in 2005/06.
* A number of 475 different services were built including 60 services during 2005/06. These services comprise religious, social, cultural, security and administrative services.
* A number of operating factories in new urban cities increased from 896 in 1991/92 to 3709 in 2005/06. These factories contributed to the increase of workers in the factories of new cities to about 323.8 thousand, i.e. five folds of the number of workers in 1991/92.
* Capital of operating factories new urban cities increased to LE 38 billion against LE 4.2 billion in 1991/92.
* Number of factories under construction in new urban cities rose to 1837, against 650 in 1991/92.
Salient achievements of 2005/06 in the field of new cities:
* A number of 21 water wells and reservoirs were drilled and built.
* A number of 3 stations and filtering units were built.
* One station and one water desalination units were built.
* A number of 10 sanitary drainage treatment stations and 10 oxygenating ponds were erected.
* A number of 10 sanitary drainage stations were erected.
* A number of 9 electric stations, transformer and distributors were erected.
* A length of 155 km roads were paved in new cities.
* A length of 78 km communication cables was erected.
* A number of 3200 housing unit were constructed in new cities.
* A number of 20 kindergartens and schools were established.
* A number of 16 health units and hospitals were built.
* Targeted Achievements in Reconstruction and New Cities in 2005/06*
Public Utilities:
It is a vital sector to which the state pays due attention for its commitments to develop major services in Egypt Public utilities' sector aims are crystallized in two main axes. Firstly: To keep the citizens health with providing sufficient potable water supply that accord with the standard specifications and criterions.
Secondly: to develop the per capita share of potable water and sanitary drainage services, as well as to increase the coverage of this services all over the cities, villages and their appendants, in addition to the desert areas and outside the valley. In this regard inhabitants get safe potable water reached 19.3 percent. Per capita share of potable water rose to 3.5 liter/day. In addition to an increase in the sanitary drainage services to six fold than that in 1981/82, to reach to 170 liter/day
Investments:
During the period 1983/82 to 2003/2004 the volume of implemented investments carried out in the public utilities sector reached LE.70,1 billion, and in 2005/2006 it reached to LE 5,3 billion of which LE, 2,3 billion were implemented in the potable water sector, and LE 3 billion in the sanitary drainage sector.. These investments have brought about the following achievements in 1981/82 to 2005/2006.
Potable water sector:
Comparing figures for 1981/82 to those of 2003/04, we notice the following
- Per capita share of water rose from 78,50 liter/day to 305 liter/day.
- Available capacity of potable water in Greater Cairo rose from 2 million m3/day to 7,4 million m3/day.
- Available capacity of potable water in Alexandria rose from 700,000 m3/day to 3.2 million m3/day.
- Available capacity of potable water in the rest of the governorates rose from 1.95 million m3/day to 10,8 million m3/day.
- Evolution of Available potable water station and Network capacities over the period (1981/82 – 2005/06).
Sanitary Drainage Sector:
Comparing figures of 1981/82 to those of 2005/06, the following achievements can be noted:
- Available desalination capacity rose from 850,000 m3/day to 11,9 million m3/day, with an increase of 11.5 million m3/day.
- Available drainage capacity rose from 1.45 million m3/day to 14.21 million m3/day, with an increase of 12.76 million m3/day.
- Length of primary networks of sanitary drainage rose from 5,000 km to 22000.98 km. with an increase of 17000.98 km.
- Available drainage capacity in Greater Cairo reached 4.6 million m3/day in 2005/06 and in Alexandria 1.7 million m3/day for the rest of the governorates it reached 7.91 million m3/day.
- Available desalination capacity in Greater Cairo reached 4.0 million m3/day in 2005/06. In Alexandria 1.42 million m3/day, and for the rest of the governorates it reached 6-48 million m3/day.
- Length of primary networks of sanitary drainage in Greater Cairo reached 9000.9 km in 2005/06, in Alexandria 2000.75 km, and in the rest of the governorates it reached 10,000.33 km.
Evolution of Available sanitary Drainage station and Network Capacities and their Appendants over the Period (1981/82 – 2005/06)
 3- Transport, Communication and Information
The transport, communication and information sector performs a primary role in realizing economic and social development in Egypt. This sector is considered one of the main underpinnings of infrastructure, through which development requirements are transported from production to consumption areas. This sector also plays a prominent role in activating the state's strategy in order to get out from the narrow valley and increase the horizontal expansion through providing rapid and advanced transport networks serving urban, tourist and cultural development.
Investments
Over the period 1981/82 to 2004/05, investments of about LE 62.3 billion were implemented in transport, communication and Suez Canal sector. During 2005/06 implemented investments in transport sector reached about LE 19367.8 million, where public enterprise, private and cooperative sectors contribute with about LE 15363 million and the rest, which is about LE 4004.8 million were carried out by the government and economic institutions.
Implemented investments of transport sector reached LE 6.2 billion including LE 5.5 billion by the private sector at the rate of 89 percent and about LE 0.7 billion by public investments, such investments are mainly implemented by the Ministries of Communication, Information Technology and Administrative Development.
Production
During 1981/82, transport and communication sector's share of GDP showed LE 2322 million (at current prices and production factor cost), including LE 1282 million by public sector, and LE 1040 million by the private sector. The transport and communication sector's share of GDP increased to reach LE 53085.1 million (at current prices) in 2005/06 including LE 1449.7 million by public sector and about LE 41645.4 million by private sector.
Gross Domestic Product
GDP for this sector in 1981/82 showed LE 1525 million (at current prices and production factor cost), including LE 821 million by the public sector and LE 704 million by the private sector. In 2005/06 GDP rose to LE 35526.4 million (at current prices) including LE 702.6 million by the public sector and LE 9823.8 million by the private sector.
Volume of Employment
Volume of employment in the field of transport and communication and Suez Canal rose from 399,000 in 1981/82 to 943.500 in 2005/06.
A- Transport
Over the period under review, the sector has made several achievements:
Railways
* Railways network share in transporting passengers increased from about 17903 million passengers/km to 5400 million passengers/km in 2005/06 and in transporting Cargo rose from about 2307 tons/km in 1981/82 to 4300 million tons/km during 2005/06.
* Length of railways rose from 4882 km in 1981/82 to 9435 in 2005/06.
* Number of daily operating trains rose to 1800 move on a length of 135,000 km.
The Underground Metro
The underground metro is considered one of the most significant civilized projects already carried out. It links three governorates; Cairo, Giza and Qalyoubia. Its lines extend to a length of 62 km it comprises two main lines:
* The first line (Helwan/alMarg) with a length of 43 km was completed on two phases.
* The second line (Shoubra al-Khaima/Moneeb) with a length of 21.6 km was carried out on 5 phases. These phases were completed and became operational in 1996, 97, 99, 2000 and 2005 respectively. Number of passengers at present reaches about 3 million passengers/day. The Metro costs reached about LE 12 billion. In light of the importance of the Underground Metro, the first phase for establishing a third line (al-A'taba/Abasseya) with a length of 4.3 km and a cost of about LE 3.6 billion
Bridges and Tunnels
Over the period under review, a number of major projects in the field of bridges and tunnels have been carried out so as to bring about traffic flow, salient of which are the following:-
* Mubarak/as-Salam; the first suspension car bridge across Suez Canal linking Africa to Asia at a cost of LE 670 million.
* Damietta International Bridge. It is the longest bridge on the Nile and links the international coastal road with the Canal and Sinai governorates from the east and the Delta governorates from the west.
* Sohag Bridge across the Nile with a length of 2200 m at a cost of LE 120 million.
* Aga Bridge with a length of 600 m, width of 18.5 m and of 90 tons. It was established to cancel the surface intersection at Aga Gate between (Aga-Samanoud) and (Banha-Mansoura) highway.
* Alexandria Moharram Bek Bridge. It was established with a unique design in Alex, and over the international coastal road so as to contribute to the traffic flow.
* Al-Ferdan Bridge for railways across Suez Canal at a cost of LE 365 million.
* Number of bridges across the Nile increased from 12 bridges in 1981/82 to 26 in 2005/06.
* Al-Azhar vehicular tunnel with a length of 2.6 km, costing LE 980 million. It started operating in October 2001. Actual traffic movement in both tunnels reaches about 15 million cars/year.
Roads Network
Over the period under review, there was a remarkable improvement in roads networks as follows:
* The lengths of roads networks increased from 15.200 km in 1981/82 to 48.100 km in 2005/06 with an increase of 32.900 km.
* The number of passengers increased from 47449 million/km to 35270 million/km in 2005/06.
* Transported cargo rose from 14890 million tons/km to 43940 million tons/km.
The most important projects implemented in the said period:
* Al-Qatameya-al-Ein-Al-Sokhna road. It is the first of its kind in the investment roads network. It is considered the nucleus for a network of roads that link the two coasts of the Red and Mediterranean Sea with Upper Egypt.
* Al-Qantara Sharq/Rafah road at a length of 205 km.
* The second phase of Aswan/Bernees road was implemented with a length of 50 km at a cost of LE 15 million.
* New Cairo/Aswan road was completed. The road was linked to the New Valley Road through Armant-Kharga oasis road.
* Dualization of Cairo-Ismailia road has been finalized at a length of 85 km, costing LE 50 million.
River Transport
In order to make optimal use of the river transport movement in the Nile, a number of projects were implemented over the period under review contributing to transport 2590 million tons/km in 2005/06 instead of 2114 million in 1981.
The most important projects implemented and are underway are:
* The length of river transport network increased to 35,000 km.
* Establishing the anchorage of Aswan eastern harbour behind the High Dam so as to activate integration between Egypt and Sudan.
* Revamping Cairo-Damietta navigational course with a length of 288 km at a total cost of LE 230 million.
* Upgrading Cairo-Aswan waterway at a length of 960 km and eliminating navigation bottlenecks and problems.
* Developing ar-Rayyah al-Bahiri-an-Nubariya Canal at a cost of LE 8 million.
* Developing, upgrading and insuring navigational line in Lake Nasser at a cost of LE 4 million.
* Establishing the New Delta dock at a cost of LE 80 million and the new Zefta dock at a cost of LE 100 million.
* Purifying the Nile course to be a safe route for tourism and transportation 24 hours a day.
Maritime Transport
Seaports are Egypt's window on the outside world. Egypt has 40 seaports on the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and al-Aqaba Gulf.
During the period under review, the maritime transport sector has achieved a major boost showed in the following achievements.
Seaport capacity increased from 5.1 million tons to 66.8 million tons.
Number of harbours increased from 95 to 175.
Number of passengers at Egyptian seaports increased from 12,000 to 708,000.
Number of the Egyptian fleet units rose from 70 ships with a total tonnage of 530,000 tons to 135 ships with a total tonnage of 2 million tons.
Transported cargo handled through Egyptian seaports increased from 2903,400 tons to 10916,000 tons.
Alexandria harbour was upgraded to be the first and most important harbour on the Mediterranean Sea.
New harbours were erected in Dekheila and al-Arish.
Phase I of East Port Said Port was completed at a cost of LE 750 million.
Phase I of Ain-as-Sokhna Port was completed at a cost of LE 550 million.
New Damietta harbour was erected.
Applying an electronic system in Suez Gulf to ensure the safety of the passing ships.
Al-Adabeya, Hurghada, Nowaiba' and Safaga harbours were upgraded.
Air Transport
 Air transport has progressed by leap and bounds towards modernization during 1981/82-2004/05, salient of these achievements are:
Egyptian airlines were extended to the whole world to reach 72 cities and capitals around the world in addition to 12 Egyptian cities.
A number of domestic airports were converted into international ones including Luxor, Aswan, Assuit and Borg al-Arab airports.
Number of civil aircrafts rose from 17 to 45 aircrafts.
Air traffic in Cairo Airport increased from 51,100 flights to 104,000 and 76,000 in remaining airports.
Passengers transport movement in Cairo International Airport increased from 6 million passengers to 11.2 million and from 1.4 million to 10 million in remaining airports.
Air Cargo transport movements rose from 60 million tons/km to 311.4 million tons/km.
The Following Table Shows Evolution of Quantitative Production in the Activities of the Transport Sector over the Period (1981/82-2005/06).
Telecommunication and Information
 The State pays due attention to the industry of telecommunication and information technology to serve development objectives. This comes in the framework of the national project for technological rise, which has coped with the establishment of the first specialized ministry concerned with telecommunication and information in Egypt in 1999. This step, which is considered as a main step towards implementing the project, resulted in the emergence of new communities and cultures based on the freedom of knowledge and the orientation towards the developed technological mechanisms.
Salient achievements in the field of telecommunication and information during the period (1981/82-2005/06) are as follows:
Telephone Services:
* Number of telephone lines increased from 543,000 lines to 12.9 million lines in 2005/06.
* Number of fixed telephone subscribers reached 10.628 million subscribers.
*Number of mobile telephone service users reached14.8 million user.
* Total number of telephone exchanges in the countryside rose to 1138.
* Internet coverage increased to 5.82 million pulse/second.
* Number of internet users increased to 4.4 million.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT):
* Number of ICT companies rose to 1817.
* Number of ICT employees showed 42.322.
* Number of IT clubs hit 1368.
* Number of trainees in the training programs specialized in communication hit 23.999.
* Number of trainees in talent development programs hit 133.737 thousands.
Postal Service:
* Number of postal offices reaches 5457, including 3541 public offices and 1916 private offices.
* Number of automated post offices reached 450
* Post box savings reached about LE 45.118 billion.
* According to the outside world; Egypt was rated in the first category.
* Electronic Document Transmission (EDT), which is used in e-business, e-commerce and e-government, was introduced.
* A service for transferring the funds of the Egyptian expatriates to their relatives was added in cooperation with the Universal Western Union Company.
Local, rural and squat Areas Development
Local and rural development is a mainstay of comprehensive national development in Egypt. It aims to strike a balance of development rates between governorates on the one hand and between rural and urban areas on the other. Moreover, it is instrumental in activating investments by local administration units and increasing their contributions in promising provinces.
Governmental Investments in Regions and Governorates:-
Total government investments distributed among regions and governorates under the 4th five-year plan (1997-2002) showed about LE 137.3 billion, while investments allocated for the 5th five-year plan (2002-07) showed about LE 445.0 billion.
Comparing the Relative Structure of Investment Distribution in both Plans, the Following Can be noticed:-
* Relative importance of investments allocated for the greater Cairo region decreased to 21.6 percent in the fifth five-year plan (2002-07) down from 26 percent in the 4th five-year plan (1997-2002).
* Relative importance of investments allocated for the south lower Egypt region increased to 21.6 percent in the fifth five-year plan (2002-07) up from 13.6 percent in the fourth five-year plan (97-2002), as it reflects the state orientation to activating decentralization in local administration as well as paying due attention to south lower Egypt governorates.
* Regions and Governorates Investments in the Plan (2005-06):-
Total investments distributed among regions and governorates in (2005-06) showed about LE 110 billion, distributed as follows:
- About LE 20.1, accounting for 18.3 percent of the total investments for the greater Cairo region.
- About LE 18.2 billion accounting for 16.5 percent of the total investments for the west Delta region.
- About LE 20.6 billion, accounting for 18.8 percent of the total investments for the central and East Delta region.
- About LE 17.3 billion, accounting for 15.7 percent of the total investments for Suez Canal and Sinai region.
- About LE 8.3 billion, accounting for 7.5 of the total investments for the north Upper Egypt region.
- About LE 25.5 billion, accounting for 23.2 percent of the total investments for the south Upper Egypt region.
* The Following Table Shows the Distribution of Investments by Regions under the (2005-2006) plan as follows*
Local and Rural Development Investments:-
Implemented investments in the local and rural development program in (2002-2004) showed about LE 6.9 billion, of which about 96.7 percent were implemented by the government and economic authorities. Total investments implemented in local and rural development program during 2005-2006 showed about LE 3.9 billion, accounting for 15 percent of the public investments, distributed among different authorities. These aim to give a greater boost to developing basic services in villages and districts (electricity, potable water, sanitary drainage, transportation, paving roads and bridges) as well as universalizing handicrafts.
Government investments represent 16.7 percent of the total investments. These Investments include the following:
- About LE 240 million allocated to rural development projects.
- About LE 192559000 allocated to developing and upgrading Squat areas.
- About LE 783.9000 allocated to completing infrastructure in industrial zones.
This, in addition to other investments allocated to other projects.
A- Local Development:-
Local development is the mainstay of Egypt's integrated development.
Salient Local Development Achievements in (2005-2006):-
* The Standardized Plan:
The standardized plan was implemented in 2005-2006 to apply the principle of local development Financial and administrative decentralization, as the approbations of local development three branches were distributed as follows (governorates headquarters, express plan, village Development and construction system), and gathering them in the light of priorities and necessities, starting from village and ending with governorates level.
Local Development Information Centers:-
Upgrading Local development information structure is a vital project that aims to provide the data and information needed to achieve the development objectives and implement its different programes through connected information. In this frame work, the comprehensive national development information base was modernized in a way that allows an integrated information map to all villages, cities and centers of the Republic's governorates, with an annual total finance of about LE 60 million provided by Ministry of Finance.
Those youth work on continuous modernization of all sectors of local development data bases by the end of 2004, A number of 2.5 million family was counted and there data was entered on the computers to be benefited from in the future planning.
The National Project for Developing Villages that Surround Deserts:
The country directed towards East and West Nile at an area of about several kilometers, due to over population and continuous erosion of the agricultural land, to establish about 400 new villages on an urban and cultural foundations that cope with giving of expansion on both sides of the valley. It was considered a national project, implemented over the coming twenty years to absorb about 4 to 5 Million individual.
A number of 21 villages were chosen in 2005/2006, as a first phase of desert that surround village in 7 governorates. The preparation of the project second phase started, including developing deserts surrounding villages in all governorates and the reclamation project, preparing the data of 280 village was initially finished.
* Developing Industrial Zones:
The developing and flourishing of the industrial zones is one of the most important aims of the local development process. In the light of this, the year 2005/2006 witnessed continuing development of industrial zones supervised by governorates and the completion of the infrastructure of 64 industrial zone, of which 17 were included in the unified plan. In addition to the rest of industrial zones supervised by other authorities (26 industrial zone).
* Productive Cooperative Societies:-
The year 2005/2006 witnessed effectuating the productive cooperative society's activities, supervised by the localities and expanding its bases to support small-size enterprises, through providing production and marketing requirements. The number of productive cooperation societies reaches 475 societies in all governorates and 15 general societies as the total amount of cooperative societies activities reached about LE 1.3 billion.
* Popular Lending Project
The project started by a total Loan LE 107 million in 107 village and district; and the state afforded the difference of rate interest about LE 10 million, included in local development.
* Lending From Local Development Fund:
The fund provided loans in 2004, with an amount of LE 162.2 million for 51.4000 small-size enterprises for youth and woman in all the governorates, villages that allowed about 86.5000 job opportunities.
* Youth Employment Systems:
Youth employment systems contributed in 2005/2006 to providing about 42000 job opportunity in different governorates. In addition to about 9400 job opportunity in the projects of local development fund.
B- Rural Development:
Developing and rebuilding the Egyptian Village have become a top priority to which the state pays due attention, due to the great economic and population weight of rural society. The national program for integrated rural development (Shoroq) has functioned as an effective means for developing the Egyptian village as it is based on the concept of local popular participation in integrated development in the Egyptian Countryside, the project started in 1994.
Total investments implemented in the last decade reached about LE 2 billion. In addition to about LE 240 million investments allocated for rural development in 2005/2006. These projects contributed to implementing more than 100000 projects in governorates, villages. It included different fields as domains potable water, sanitary drainage, roads, electricity, health, youth, culture, woman and child, as well as education, as the number of students in the Egyptian countryside account for more than 53 percent of the total number of students enrolled in pre-university education.
* The Program of Replanning 4500 Egyptian Village and Laying Down a New Urban Area:
The program seeks to prepare an integrated plan to develop the Egyptian village by the year 2020, aiming to realize the following:
* Urban upgrading of the countryside and its services, reducing overcrowdness and improving life standard, providing job opportunities, developing local economy, upgrading the village and providing it with services and utilities.
- Squat Areas:
The state adopts a long-term plan aims to curb the expansion of Squat areas by upgrading 1221 Squat area spread over 24 governorates, in addition to Luxor. Total investments implemented in upgrading and developing Squat areas showed about LE 192559 thousand distributed among the activities of electricity, paving roads, bridges, providing potable water, and sanitary drainage services. In addition to Universalizing production bases in Squat areas, and laying down an integrated system to the processes of planning, organizing, managing solid and liquid wastes, as well as paying due attention to general cleaning and upgrading environment by increasing the green areas.
- The National Program of Eliminating Squatters 2020:
A new strategy was allowed to upgrade squat areas, in the light of the international views of dealing with Squat areas, entitled the National program of eliminating squatters 2020, aiming to drawing up a unified view and an integrated program to which all the state systems and granting authorities must adhere, to guarantee realizing integrated development in such area and laying down the necessary mechanisms to avoid the appearance of more Squat areas.
* The Program of Urban Upgrading of Rural areas and Cities:
The program aim to dealing with Squatters in a way that depend on urban planning; through preparing an urban planning based on the present needs and vision, as well as the future perspective. Time plan is being prepared to avoid the appearance of any new Squatters, to improve and upgrade services, modernize the infrastructure and utilities, as well as taking into consideration the traffic state.
In the light of the integrated urban planning as hospitals, schools, and other services. This program contributes to keeping the agricultural area and controlling Squatters, as well as taking the necessary legislative procedures to forbid such Squatters, In the light of the new standardized construction draft code.
5- Environment Protection
Environment protection is an important strategic issue as well as a top priority for Egypt. Environmental protection has become a part and parcel of sustainable development. Hence, the state has encouraged all organizations and public authorities that work in the field of environmental protection in Egypt to exert their efforts to maintain environment by dealing with its various issues. A number of procedures have been carried out, salient of which are the following:
* In 1982, the Environmental Affairs Authority was established as the first specialist body to administer environmental affairs and develop its resources.
* In 1994, the Environmental Protection Fund was established to encourage investments in environmental fields.
* In 1997, the Ministry of Environmental Affairs was created so as to monitor and eliminate sources of pollution. To this end, the ministry is supported by specialized bodies and some non-governmental organizations concerned with the environment.
* With a view to ensuring environmental protection, a number of important laws and decrees were issued in order to ameliorate Egyptian environment. Salient of these is Law No. 48 of 1982, known as the Nile Protection Law, and Law No. 4 of 1994, considered to be the most important comprehensive environmental law in Egypt.
Achievements
Several achievements have been made in the field of environmental protection; salient of which are the following:
Air Quality Improvement Program
* Air Pollution Monitoring Network was operated. It is considered one of the main tools for gathering information and data about the quality of air. Number of environment monitoring stations increased to reach 72 stations in 2005/06; 24 stations more than those in 1997.
* The program of converting vehicles of ministries and governmental institutions for natural gas operation was implemented and 1854 cars were converted as a first phase.
* The second and third phase of this national project was implemented to convert 2000 new cars for natural gas.
* Expansion in the program for converting 1504 vehicles for natural gas operation was implemented, including 45 for governmental bodies at a cost of LE 8.5 million.
* A program for requiring car exhaust testing was implemented, as 24,000 diesel and ethane vehicles were tested.
* Socio-Economic Development Plan, (2005/06)
* Ibid
(1) Socio-Economic Development Plan (1999/00)
(2) Socio-Economic Development Plan (2004/05)
(1) Socio-Economic Development Plan (2000/01)
(2) Socio-Economic Development Plan (2006/07)
* Source: Socio-Economic development plan (2006-2007)
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