Profile

Idris Deby
 African rebel
 
By: Mohamad El-Hussieny
 
Birth and education:
 
The Chadian President Idriss Deby born in 1952 in Fada City, north-east Chad and his roots from "Zaghawa" tribe.
 
Deby studied Quran (the Holy Book) and then joined the French school in "Faba" and completed his secondary study in Abesh City.
 
After finishing his secondary study he joined the army. He joined the Aviation Authority in "Amore" in France and gained a professional pilot license.
 
He returned to homeland by the end of the 1979 war where the intrim national union government was formed. This government is a coalition formed of number of political communities under Go
 
ukouni Oueddi presidency (1979-1982).
 
Deby was chosen as a commander for the army forces in the north where he conquered Angamina the capital then he became a colonel.
 
Political life:
 
When Deby returned to his homeland, he worked with Hussien Hebri and helped him to throw out the former President Goukouni Oueddi where Hebri became a President (1982-1990).
 
Hussien Hebri assigned Deby as his advisor and charged him with militarily, defense and security affairs. He was also assigned as an army forces commissioner in the executive office for the national union for independence and revolution central committee.
 
In 1985 Hebri removed Deby from his post and sent him to Paris to follow a course at the Ecole de Guerre.
 
The relation strained between Herbi and some of his military assistants including Deby on April 1989. Deby left the country and reached Sudan where he formed army bases. Deby began to organize new coalition from the army movements named the National Movement for Rescue.
 
Deby and members of the National Movement returned back to Chad in March 1990.
 
The national front succeeded to overthrow the President Hussien Hebri in 4 December 1990 and Deby moved from the military field to the political one. Deby was assigned as  the haed of the State Council  .
 
Deby was assigned as the Chadian President in 28 February 1991. He committed himself to put an end to the human rights infringement, to use the multi-partyism system and to return to democracy. For the first time after many years trade union and independent organization in addition to the parties allowed to be established. 
 
In 21 February 1995 he became a general.
 
In 8 August 1996, Deby was elected as a president for 5 years in the first numerousness ballot.
 
In 8 August 2002, Deby was reelected for another state after his success in the first presidency term.
 
In May 2004, Deby's situation worsened by the first military revolution.
 
In 3 May 2006, he was reelected for the third presidency term after amending the constitution in 2005.
 
Social life: 
 
Deby was married and divorced more than once. He has 12 children. He was married recently from Henda Deby, a beautiful young lady 29 years old. She is considered as the Chadian fourth lady.
 
Chad under occupation:
 
France fully occupied Chad in 1918 and allowed the Chadian people to practice political work only through political parties which was established in France.
 
After Germany defeated France in 1940 in the World War II, the colonies take the right to elect local national council and to choose representative for every colony in the French national council.
 
General De Gaulle became prime minister in 1958 and shared in putting new constitution named" Constitution of the Fifth Republic''. The French colonies granted the choice either to be independent from France but to stop the French aids or to be within the union or the French group. Most of the colonies except Ghenia chose to be within the union or the group.
 
President Gabriel Lisette became President of the Government Council in 1905. Chad became completely independence in 11 August 1960.
 
Chad today:
 
Chad is passing a political crisis today which began three years after its independence in 1936.
 
The successive governments in N'djamena did not impose their control while facing the rebel movements.
 
The ongoing interactive movements began 40 years ago in accordance to a periodic mechanism as follows:
 
•           A tribe based authority under the presidency of François Tombalbaye (1962-1973) who prevented the forming of opposition parties.
 
•           The authority's profits were specialized to the President Hussien Hebri (1982-1990) and his family. Hebri practiced suppression with the people which led the civil society to great loss and almost 40,000 victims.
 
•           Idriss Deby who was the army chief of staff in Hussien Hebri period, organized the Zagaw tribes revolt which supported Hebri when he got the authority.
 
•           The rebel movement expanded to reach and seize the authority without wars because the system forces are often so weak. Deby began his expedition with 500 men and ended with 1000 ones.
 
•           Every new government set a final charter as; the constitution charter in 1978, the constitution agreement in 1982, the national charter in 1991.
 
•           Every president refuses to give up the authority's benefits for the people.
 
The opposition movements against the regime in N'djamena:
 
•           In September 1991 an armed group naming themselves the Democratic and the Development Movement waged number of attacks against the government forces.
 
•           In October 1991 one of the flees from the governmental army attacked N'djamena airport where some 40 people killed and several governmental officials arrested.
 
•           In February 1992 there was another overthrow by an armed opposition party naming themselves Baath national committee for peace and democracy.
 
•           In August 1992 some 100 persons slaughtered in "Duba" by the governmental forces.
 
•           In 1993-1995 some 1500 civilian killed by the Chadian national army (government force).
 
•           In 1996 President Deby was elected and those who challenged the elections were suppressed. The Chad syndicate union stopped work for months in July 1996.
 
•           In April 1997 a peace agreement was signed with army forces movement for a federal republic.
 
•           In April 1998 Lawkeen Bardeh organizer of the Army Forces Movement for a federal republic was died.
 
•           By the end of 1998 a new armed opposition party appeared north Chad named the democratic and justice movement under the presidency of minister of defense and justice. The movement succeeded at the beginning due to the support of other armed movements including the Democratic and Development Movement.
 
•           In December 1999 new coalition named organization of the armed movements and the political parties affiliate to the opposition party was formed. It consists of 13 armed opposition groups including the national liberation front.
 
•           In April 2000 the Baath national committee for peace and democracy re-emergence in oil production area led to wide scale military movements in the south.
 
•           In June 2000 the World Bank agreed to finance the oil exploration and Chad pipelines projects. The human rights organizations in Chad and the international environment protection organizations express their fears toward the consequences of the environmental, social and economic projects.
 
•           In September 2000 Deby's government swung between  peaceful and military initiatives and war raised again at the end of the year. 		 
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